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Unbeknownst to some, foreign language services play a large role in political campaigns and elections. As millions of Americans rush to the polls on Election Day, many will take advantage of mandated language services. It’s one thing to complete the grueling process of obtaining citizenship. Understanding how to vote, deciphering the forms and ballots is confusing enough for English speakers, so we can only imagine what it’s like for our limited English proficient neighbors.

According to a 2014 report, the limited English proficiency population rose by 80% between 1990 and 2010 and today, more than 25 million Americans are LEP. The Voting Rights Act requires states to provide interpretation and written translation services when five percent or more of a given population is LEP.

Such language services are from the moment an individual registers to vote, all the way up to Election Day. Translation of registration forms, brochures and ballots ensure the LEP understands the proper voting procedures, polling place information, candidate information, etc.

State Mandated Language Services for Elections

In addition to the federal Voting Rights Act, some states (and New York City) implemented regulations that are enforced alongside the national laws:

Arizona
Bilingual poll workers are recruited and trained for on-site interpretation services.

California
Translation services help the three percent or more of voting-age citizens who do not possess the skills and comprehension needed to effectively vote on their own.

Colorado
Language services (written and oral) are required when three percent or more of the population in a geographic region are LEP.

New Jersey
Document translation is required when 10 percent or more of the population of registered voters speak Spanish

New York City
This year, Mayor Bill de Blasio expanded voting access to include a variety of languages, including Russian, Urdu, Haitian Creole, French and Arabic. The new voter registration forms are now accessible for 80 percent of New York City’s LEP population.

All of these efforts play a crucial role in the country’s election process at the state, local and federal levels. Without qualified interpreters and translators, millions of Americans wouldn’t have the opportunity to properly exercise their right to vote. In 2004, it was found that these services had a direct impact on voter participation in San Diego County, California; voter registration among Filipino and Latinos increased by 20 percent and 40 percent among Vietnamese Americans.

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Campaigning

Each election, we see more concentrated efforts to mend the language barriers and boost communication during campaigns. Of course traditional methods like print media, television and radio ads, and telephone calls are essential to reach voters. However, in 2008, President Obama became the first presidential candidate to actively campaign on social media, expanding opportunities for language services. Today, social media is a top channel in driving awareness and communications to the American people by all political parties.

As diverse as the United States is, reaching all eligible voters is challenging. With the right rhetoric and strategy, candidates strive to win the votes of all eligible voters. Using localized (translated) websites, campaign managers are able to target specific regions, collect and solicit donations, send highly specialized messages and monitor approval ratings between each region.

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Sources

Cha, J., & Kennedy, L. (2014, February 18). Millions to the Polls: Language & Disability Access (Rep.). Retrieved November 07, 2016, from Demos website: http://www.demos.org/publication/millions-polls-language-disability-access

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Making Connections Nationwide. For more information about Interpreters Unlimited please call 800-726-9891 or fill out the form below.

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Brazilian vs European Portuguese

Portuguese may be the official language of Brazil, but it is not indigenous to the South American continent. The language actually stems from across the Atlantic, in Portugal. There are a few distinct differences in Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese, so if you have plans to travel abroad to Rio de Janiero for the 2016 Olympic Games, you may want to brush up on some Brazilian Portuguese. Here, we will explore the differences between the Portuguese of Brazil and the Portuguese of Europe.

History

The Portuguese influence in Brazil dates back to 1500 when it was accidently “discovered” by Pedro Álvares Cabral, a Portuguese military commander and explorer who was on the way to India. The Portuguese quickly set-up trade routes with Europe to capitalize on pau-brasil , a redwood valued for its dye, and for which the colony was named. For centuries, Brazil was a colony of Portugal until 1822, when it declared  independence.

According to historians, the first colonists were greeted by the Tupinambá, a native coastal tribe of Brazil. Jesuit priests studied the Tupi language, and then taught it to the colonists to establish communication.  Evidence suggests that the Portuguese worked with the natives to harvest redwood and, at one point tried to enslave the Tupi. After a short while, the Portuguese deemed them as “not suitable” for labor and turned to the African slave trade.

In the 1700’s, the Portuguese government mandated that the entire population speak their language to create unity between the colonists.  It is believed that this is when Brazilian Portuguese started to develop its own form and style, since only 30 percent of the colonist population had Portuguese ancestry. The remaining 70 percent of the population was of African or Amerindian decent, which indicates that the majority of the population learned Portuguese as a second language. In addition,  Brazilian Portuguese has historically adopted new words into its lexicon, whereas European Portuguese remained fairly static.

Blending Languages

The mix of Portuguese settlers, native inhabitants and African slaves produced the roots of modern day Brazilian Portuguese and its culture. Words and phrases from indigenous languages were adopted into the Brazilian language, but never made it back to the mother county. Here is an example of some of the Amerindian words absorbed by Brazilian speakers.

Amerindian Words	English Translation
Abacaxi	Pineapple
Mandioca	Manioc flour
Caju	Cashew
Tatu	Armadillo
Piranha	Piranha

It’s without question that the African influx made a significant impact in Brazil. To this day, Brazil has the highest African population outside of Africa than any country in the world. In fact, 300 Bantu words were adopted into the language. We’ve collected a small sampling of these words along with the English translation below:

Bantu Words in Brazilian Portuguese	English Translation
Bunda	Buttocks
Quiabo	Okra
Moleque	Young boy
Xingar	Curse, insult

Key Differences

Today, native Portuguese speakers can effectively communicate with each other but will likely notice a dialectal difference in pronunciations, verb conjugations and forms of address. For example, the way the pronouns tu (Portugal ) and você (Brazil) are used can make or break a conversation. Both terms mean “you,” but in Brazil, você can be used both informally and formally to address friends, family members, associates and co-workers. In this, it is similar to English, which does not distinguish between formal and informal pronouns.

On the other side of the Atlantic, “tu” is used in casual situations. Not being aware of the formal and informal usage can confuse or offend some people. In Portugal, você is not used as often, preferring to conjugate tu using the third person singular form.  Similarly, tu is used in some parts of Brazil, but  is not as widespread.

Another key difference is vocabulary. If you have plans to travel, you may want to brush up on a few terms. For instance, if you want to take the train in Brazil, the word is trem, whereas in Portugal it is comboio. The same goes for the word for bus. In Brazil you’d take the onibus and in Portugal you’d ride the autocarro.

In addition to Amerindian and African languages, European languages like French and Italian influenced the Portuguese of Brazil. Ciao, Italian for goodbye is used and written in Brazilian Portuguese as “tchau.” Brazilian Portuguese is also known for following French suffixes.

Overall, historians and linguists do agree that Brazilian Portuguese bears a striking resemblance to European Portuguese of the 16^th century. However, the differences can be compared to the differences between American and British English. Nonetheless, if you’re interested in learning Portuguese but aren’t sure which “version” to choose, go with the one that will have the most beneficial impact on your life and goals. Either way, it’s a beautiful language with a rich history that is worth embracing.

Interpreters Unlimited provides written translation and spoken interpretation services for Brazilian and European Portuguese. For more information please call 800-726-9891 or fill out the form below.

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Sources

(2013, June 11). Differences in Brazilian and European Portuguese and tu vs. você. Retrieved August 10, 2016, from http://www.livinglanguage.com/blog/2013/06/11/differences-in-brazilian-and-european-portuguese-and-tu-vs-voce/

Marques, N. (n.d.). What’s The Difference Between Portuguese In Brazil And In Portugal? Retrieved August 12, 2016, from https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/difference-between-brazilian-and-european-portuguese

De Andrade Tosta, A., & Coutinho, E. F. (n.d.). Brazil. Retrieved August 11, 2016, from https://books.google.com/books?id=XxUuCwAAQBAJ

New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved August 10, 2016, from http://www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/centralandsouthamerica/brazil/riodejaneiro/fdrs_feat_129_9.html

Ferreira, F. (2002, December). The African Contribution to Brazilian Portuguese: To what extent did the speech of slaves influence the mother tongue? Bridgewater Review, 21(2), 7th ser. Retrieved August 10, 2016, from http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=br_rev

Brazil. (n.d.). Retrieved August 11, 2016, from http://www.lonelyplanet.com/brazil/history

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